https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119516.g002. Gallic acid is utilized in the ink industry, dye industry, food industry (antioxidants and preservatives), and, most importantly, in the pharmaceutical industry (as a raw material for the production of the hallucinogenic alkaloid, mescaline, and trimethoprim, a broad-spectrum antibiotic). The occurrence was dose-responsive (Table 1, Fig 1A and 1B). Phenolic compounds (delphinidin and gallic acid), at concentrations that encompassed the physiologically relevant range (10 nM–100 μM), were prepared in tissue culture medium prior to addition of Tempone-H (10 mM stock, dissolved in ultrapure water) to generate a final concentration of 2 mM. Arrows indicate the hemorrhage sites (prevalence rate of hemorrhage: 5.5%–10.5% which is involved in the damaging rate of Table 1). 101 2-Propenesulfenic acid is reported to be over 1000 times more reactive toward ˙OOH radicals than allicin (2.60 × 10 7 vs. 7.38 × 10 3 L mol −1 s −1, at 298 K). 133 - N° C - Article : 110985 - Gallic acid: Pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation-related diseases - EM consulte The inhibitory effect of gallic acid on the histamine release was mediated by the modulation of cAMP and … Gallic acid is immunostimulatory in function by enhancing the phagocytes and lymphocytes, the major innate immune cells. Embryos were observed on days 5.5 and 9.5, and chicks were observed on day 1 (HH Stage 46) [22]. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119516.s001. Previous studies have indicated that GA can be rapidly and nonenzymatically oxidized in vivo in physiological solutions (37°C, pH 7.4) to produce superoxide anions, H2O2 and GA quinones [31–33]. The oxidative stress can be effectively neutralized by enhancing cellular defens… Tyman, in Encyclopedia of Separation Science, 2000. Polyphenols are broadly considered beneficial to human health because they can scavenge free radicals and ROS [47]. Sustained activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway can lead to cell cycle arrest in numerous cell lines [41]. The Neuroprotective Effects of Phenolic Acids: Molecular Mechanism of Action Dominik Szwajgier, Kamila Borowiec * and Katarzyna Pustelniak Department of Biotechnology, Human Nutrition and the Science of Food Commodities, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin 20704, Poland; dszwajgier@hotmail.com (D.S. The antihyperglycemic, antilipid peroxidative, and antioxidant effects could be the probable mechanism of action responsible for cardioprotective activity of gallic acid. The death rate and malformed rate were calculated. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123984562000803, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124095472124047, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128138205000283, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128098530000146, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123984562000864, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123739445001565, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128130063000064, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128032398000399, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065216408704635, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0122267702025710, Polyphenols in the Prevention and Treatment of Vascular and Cardiac Disease, and Cancer, Anand A. Zanwar, ... Subhash L. Bodhankar, in, Cancer, Immunology and Inflammation, and Infectious Disease, Antiinflammatory Properties of Schinus terebinthifolius and Its Use in Arthritic Conditions, Elaine Cruz Rosas, ... Maria das Graças Henriques, in, Bioactive Food as Dietary Interventions for Arthritis and Related Inflammatory Diseases (Second Edition), Methyl Gallate as an Antioxidant and Anti-HIV Agent, Organic and Fatty Acid Production, Microbial, Encyclopedia of Microbiology (Third Edition), Clerodendrum volubile: Phenolics and Applications to Health, Ochuko L. Erukainure, ... Md. The extent of severity of edema and hemorrhage (A); and the scoring based on the degree of swelling and edema without hemorrhage (B). Shahidul Islam, in Polyphenols: Mechanisms of Action in Human Health and Disease (Second Edition), 2018. Autoxidation of GA increases radical intensity and changes the redox potential to a more oxidative state [28, 29], leading to tremendous formation of semiquinone and superoxide (•O2-) radicals [23, 24]. This is because FR diffuse and spread easily. Research Institute of Biotechnology, Hungkuang University, Taichung City, Taiwan. Gallic acid (GA) is a member of the hydroxybenzoic acids found in methyl acetate fraction and hydroalcoholic extract from Schinus terebinthifolius leaves.20,48 GA is particularly abundant in processed beverages such as red wine and green tea.74 It is widely present in the plant kingdom and represent a large family of plant secondary metabolites and hence natural antioxidants.75 In general, GA is used to prevent the oxidative damage that takes place in biomolecules by scavenging the reactive oxygen species.76,77 Other biological studies show that GA has various properties, including antifungal, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities.57,78,79 It has been shown that GA has important antiinflammatory potential. The authors found that proanthocyanidins modulate miRNA expression in HepG2 cells [348], repressed these miRs in healthy animals, normalized the miRs expression in obese rats on a high-fat diet and improved some of the metabolic syndrome symptoms [344], improved postprandial hyperlipemia in healthy rats [347] and reversed the increase of miR-33a and miR-122 in dyslipidemic obese rats [345]. PPARα is expressed in liver, kidney, heart, muscle adipose tissue, and others [36]. Our study reveals that GA is a potential antioxidant that directly upregulates the expression of antioxidant genes. Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine; Research output: Contribution to journal › Article. After extensive washing in the TBS buffer, the membranes were = incubated with secondary antibodies in blocking buffer containing 5% nonfat milk for 1 h at room temperature. Chiu Lan Hsieh, Chien Hong Lin, Hui Er Wang, Chiung Chi Peng, Robert Y. Peng. While examining whether GA is effective in alleviating valproic-acid-induced teratogenesis in a chicken embryo model (CEM), we observed embryo hemorrhage and liposis in the musculi longissimus cervicis. However, gallic acid indicated no linear dependence on both [InH] −1 and [InH] −0.5, which showed that the radicals of gallic acid were included in more than one reaction of chain propagation (Figure 6b). No, Is the Subject Area "Body weight" applicable to this article? Chiu Lan Hsieh, Chien Hong Lin, Hui Er Wang, Chiung Chi Peng, Robert Y. Peng. Molehin et al. Gallic acid is found in the leaves of bearberry, in pomegranate root bark, gallnuts, witch hazel, sumac, tea leaves, oak bark, and many other plants, both in its free state and as part of the tannin molecule. Apart from its phytochemical role, gallic acid is also used in tanning, ink dyes, and the manufacture of paper. Gallic acid conjugated with gold nanoparticles: antibacterial activity and mechanism of action on foodborne pathogens This article was published in the following Dove Press journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine 27 July 2016 Number of times this article has been viewed In a previous study, F344 rats administered GA (5 mM) exhibited a significant reduction of hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit level, and RBC count, and an increase of reticulocytes [21]. Scheme 12b demonstrate an alternative mechanism, where the radical-scavenging activity of allicin can be accounted for 2-propenesulfenic acid, which is produced from allicin by Cope elimination. No, Is the Subject Area "Tea" applicable to this article? Salts and esters of gallic acid are termed "gallates". https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119516.g003. One of the ways used for obtaining gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid), an important intermediate in synthesis for the pharmaceutical and food industries, is by the acid hydrolysis of natural gallotannins, for example from gall nuts, tara pods or sumac leaves. Fixed in 10 % formalin in PBS ( as the control ), and above this gallic... That directly upregulates the expression of antioxidant genes relating with brain and cervical muscles erythrocytes... Known that gallic acid purchased fro China pharmaceutical and chemical Co. ( Taipei, Taiwan ) used. And shape to those of PBS control subjects, data collection and analysis, to. Attenuated compound 48/80- or immunoglobulin E ( IgE ) -induced histamine release from cells! Teratogenic potential of gallic acid and the supernatant was collected as tissue sample lysate growth of the gallic is! Cell ( RBC ) count was most severely affected by GA at 10 μM and 14 μM ) and... 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